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by Vinod Kurup
+Skip this section if you will run only Oracle.
OpenACS 5.7.0 will run with PostgreSQL 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and 7.3.4 and 7.4.x. 7.4.7 is the recommended version of PostgreSQL.
Special notes for Mac OS X. If you are running Mac OS X prior to 10.3, you should be - able to install and use PostGreSQL 7.3.x. Mac OS X 10.3 - requires PostGreSQL 7.4.
Debian stable user should install PostGreSQL from source - as detailed below, or they should use the www.backports.org - backport for Postgres to get a more current version. Debian - unstable users: the following process has been known to work - (but you should double-check that the version of PostGreSQL is - 7.3 or above):
For Debian stable users, you can use backports, by adding - this line to the /etc/apt/sources.list
- deb http://www.backports.org/debian stable bison postgresql openssl openssh tcl8.4 courier debconf spamassassin tla diff patch neon chkrootkit
-
- apt-get install postgresql postgresql-dev postgresql-doc
-ln -s /usr/include/postgresql/ /usr/include/pgsql
-ln -s /var/lib/postgres /usr/local/pgsql
-ln -s /usr/include/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql/include
-su postgres -c "/usr/lib/postgresql/bin/createlang plpgsql template1"and proceed to Tune postgres. (OPTIONAL) or to the - next section.
Special Notes for Red Hat. Red Hat users: If you install PostgreSQL 7.3.2 from the Red Hat 9 RPM, you - can skip a few steps. These shell commands add some links for compatibility with the directories from a source-based install; start the service; create a new group for web service - users, and modify the postgres user's - environment (more - information):
[root root]#ln -s /usr/lib/pgsql/ /var/lib/pgsql/lib-[root root]#ln -s /var/lib/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql-[root root]#ln -s /etc/init.d/postgresql /etc/init.d/postgres-[root root]#ln -s /usr/bin /usr/local/pgsql/bin-[root root]#service postgresql start-Initializing database: - [ OK ] -Starting postgresql service: [ OK ] -[root root]#echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib" >> ~postgres/.bash_profile-[root root]#echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin" >> ~postgres/.bash_profile-[root root]#groupadd web-[root root]#su - postgres--bash-2.05b$ - -ln -s /usr/lib/pgsql/ /var/lib/pgsql/lib -ln -s /var/lib/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql -ln -s /usr/bin /usr/local/pgsql/bin -service postgresql start -echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/pgsql/lib" >> ~postgres/.bash_profile -echo "export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin" >> ~postgres/.bash_profile -groupadd web -su - postgres
... and then skip to 8. Something similar may work for other binary packages as well.
Safe approach: install from source
Unpack PostgreSQL 7.4.7. If you have not downloaded the postgresql tarball to
- /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.gz,
- get it.
[root root]#cd /usr/local/src-[root src]#tar xzf /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.gz-[root src]# -cd /usr/local/src -tar xzf /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.gz
ALTERNATIVE: Unpack PostgreSQL 7.4.7. If you have not downloaded the postgresql tarball to
- /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.bz2,
- get it.
[root root]#cd /usr/local/src-[root src]#tar xfj /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.bz2-[root src]# -cd /usr/local/src -tar xfj /var/tmp/postgresql-7.4.7.tar.bz2
Install Bison. Only do this if bison --version is smaller than 1.875 and you install PostgreSQL 7.4 from cvs instead of tarball.
[root root]#cd /usr/local/src-[root src]#wget http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-1.875.tar.gz-[root src]#tar xfz bison-1.875.tar.gz-[root src]#cd bison-1.875-[root src]#./configure-[root src]#make install-
Create the Postgres user. - Create a user and group (if you haven't done so before) for - PostgreSQL. This is the account that PostgreSQL will run as - since it will not run as root. Since nobody will log in - directly as that user, we'll leave the password blank. -
- Debian users should probably use adduser instead of
- useradd. Type man adduser
-
[root src]#groupadd web-[root src]#useradd -g web -d /usr/local/pgsql postgres-[root src]#mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql-[root src]#chown -R postgres.web /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7-[root src]#chmod 750 /usr/local/pgsql-[root src]# -groupadd web -useradd -g web -d /usr/local/pgsql postgres -mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql -chown -R postgres.web /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7 -chmod 750 /usr/local/pgsql
Mac OS X: Do instead: First make sure the gids and uids below are available (change them if -they are not).To list taken uids and gids:
nireport / /groups name gid | grep "[0123456789][0123456789]"
-nireport / /users name uid | grep "[0123456789][0123456789]"
- Now you can install the users
sudo niutil -create / /groups/web
-sudo niutil -createprop / /groups/web gid 201
-sudo niutil -create / /users/postgres
-sudo niutil -createprop / /users/postgres gid 201
-sudo niutil -createprop / /users/postgres uid 502
-sudo niutil -createprop / /users/postgres home /usr/local/pgsql
-sudo niutil -create / /users/$OPENACS_SERVICE_NAME
-sudo niutil -createprop / /users/$OPENACS_SERVICE_NAME gid 201
-sudo niutil -createprop / /users/$OPENACS_SERVICE_NAME uid 201
-mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql
-chown -R postgres:web /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7
-chmod 750 /usr/local/pgsqlFreeBSD users: need to add more parameters. -
[root src]#mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql-[root src]#pw groupadd -n web-[root src]#pw useradd -n postgres -g web -d /usr/local/pgsql -s /bin/bash-[root src]#chown -R postgres:web /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7-[root src]#chmod -R 750 /usr/local/pgsql-[root src]# -mkdir -p /usr/local/pgsql -pw groupadd -n web -pw useradd -n postgres -g web -d /usr/local/pgsql -s /bin/bash -chown -R postgres:web /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7 -chmod -R 750 /usr/local/pgsql
Set up postgres's environment variables. They are necessary for the executable to find its supporting - libraries. Put the following lines into the postgres user's environment.
[root src]#su - postgres-[postgres ~]emacs ~postgres/.bashrc
Paste this line into .bash_profile:
source $HOME/.bashrc
Paste these lines into .bashrc:
export PATH=/usr/local/bin/:$PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/bin -export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH:/usr/local/pgsql/lib
Test this by logging in as
- postgres and checking the
- paths; you should see /usr/local/pgsql/bin somewhere in the output (the total output is system-dependent so yours may vary)
[root src]#su - postgres-[postgres pgsql]$env | grep PATH-LD_LIBRARY_PATH=:/usr/local/pgsql/lib -PATH=/bin:/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/X11R6/bin:/root/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin:/usr/local/pgsql/bin -[postgres pgsql]$exit-
Don't continue unless you see correct output from
- env | grep PATH
Compile and install PostgreSQL.
- Change to the postgres user and run ./configure to set the compilation options automatically. This is the point at which you can
- configure PostgreSQL in various ways. For example, if you are installing on "OS X" add the flags --with-includes=/sw/include/ --with-libraries=/sw/lib. If you want to see what the other possibilities are, run ./configure --help.
-
On debian woody (stable, 3.0), do ./configure --without-readline --without-zlib.
[root src]#su - postgres-[postgres pgsql]$cd /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7-[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$./configure-creating cache ./config.cache -checking host system type... i686-pc-linux-gnu -(many lines omitted> -linking ./src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port -linking ./src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s -[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$make all-make -C doc all -make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7/doc' -(many lines omitted) -make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7/src' -All of PostgreSQL successfully made. Ready to install. -[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$make install-make -C doc install -make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7/doc' -(many lines omitted) -Thank you for choosing PostgreSQL, the most advanced open source database -engine. -su - postgres -cd /usr/local/src/postgresql-7.4.7 -./configure -make all -make install
Start PostgreSQL.
- The initdb command initializes the
- database. pg_ctl is used to start up
- PostgreSQL. If PostgreSQL is unable to allocate enough memory, see section 11
- Tuning PostgreSQL (below).
-
[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data-The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres". -This user must also own the server process. -(17 lines omitted) -or - /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -l logfile start -[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -l /usr/local/pgsql/data/server.log start-postmaster successfully started -[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$ -/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -l /usr/local/pgsql/data/server.log start
- PostgreSQL errors will be logged in
- /usr/local/pgsql/data/server.log
-
Install Pl/pgSQL. Set up plpgsq and allow your user to have - access. Plpgsql is a PL/SQL-like language. We add it to - template1, which is the template from which all new - databases are created. We can verify that it was created - with the createlang command in list mode.
[postgres postgresql-7.4.7]$createlang plpgsql template1-[postgres pgsql]$createlang -l template1-Procedural languages - Name | Trusted? ----------+---------- - plpgsql | t -(1 row) +
Skip this section if you will run only Oracle.
OpenACS 5.9.0 will run with PostgreSQL 9.0 or newer. 9.5 is currently + the recommended version of PostgreSQL.
It is recommend to use a prepackaged version of PostgreSQL, + which are available in source and binary formats from + www.postgresql.org/download/. +
Larger installations might want to tune the PostgreSQL
+ installation with e.g. the utility pgtune, which is also
+ available via apt-get install pgtune or
+ dnf install pgtune on Debian/Ubuntu or RedHat systems.
+
-[postgres pgsql-7.4.7]$ -createlang plpgsql template1 -createlang -l template1
Test PostgreSQL (OPTIONAL). Create a database and try some simple commands. The output should be as shown. -
[postgres pgsql]$createdb mytestdb-CREATE DATABASE -[postgres pgsql]$psql mytestdb-Welcome to psql, the PostgreSQL interactive terminal. + Official PostgreSQL + Docs -Type: \copyright for distribution terms - \h for help with SQL commands - \? for help on internal slash commands - \g or terminate with semicolon to execute query - \q to quit +
-mytestdb=# select current_timestamp;
- timestamptz
--------------------------------
- 2003-03-07 22:18:29.185413-08
-(1 row)
+ PostgreSQL Introduction and Resources
-mytestdb=# create function test1() returns integer as 'begin return 1; end;' language 'plpgsql';
-CREATE
-mytestdb=# select test1();
- test1
--------
- 1
-(1 row)
-
-mytestdb=# \q
-[postgres pgsql]$ dropdb mytestdb
-DROP DATABASE
-[postgres pgsql]$ exit
-logout
-
-[root src]#
Set PostgreSQL to start on boot. First, we copy the - postgresql.txt init script, which automates startup and - shutdown, to the distribution-specific init.d directory. Then - we verify that it works. Then we automate it by setting up a - bunch of symlinks that ensure that, when the operating system - changes runlevels, postgresql goes to the appropriate - state. Red Hat and Debian and SuSE each work a little - differently. If you haven't untarred the OpenACS tarball, you will need to do so now to access the postgresql.txt file. -
Red Hat RPM:
The init script is already installed; just turn it on for the appropriate run levels.
[root root]# chkconfig --level 345 postgresql on
-[root root]# Red Hat from source:
[root src]#cp /var/tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /etc/init.d/postgresql-[root src]#chown root.root /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql-[root src]#chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql-[root src]# -cp /var/tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /etc/init.d/postgresql -chown root.root /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql -chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
Test the script.
[root root]# service postgresql stop
-Stopping PostgreSQL: ok
-[root root]# If PostgreSQL successfully stopped, then use the following - command to make sure that the script is run appropriately at boot - and shutdown. And turn it back on because we'll use - it later. - -
[root root]#chkconfig --add postgresql-[root root]#chkconfig --level 345 postgresql on-[root root]#chkconfig --list postgresql-postgresql 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -[root root]#service postgresql start-Starting PostgreSQL: ok -[root root]# -chkconfig --add postgresql -chkconfig --level 345 postgresql on -chkconfig --list postgresql -service postgresql start
Debian:
[root ~]#cp /var/tmp/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /etc/init.d/postgresql-[root ~]#chown root.root /etc/init.d/postgresql-[root ~]#chmod 755 /etc/init.d/postgresql-[root ~]# -cp /var/tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /etc/init.d/postgresql -chown root.root /etc/init.d/postgresql -chmod 755 /etc/init.d/postgresql
Test the script
[root ~]# /etc/init.d/postgresql stop
-Stopping PostgreSQL: ok
-[root ~]# If PostgreSQL successfully stopped, then use the following - command to make sure that the script is run - appropriately at boot and shutdown.
-[root ~]#update-rc.d postgresql defaults- Adding system startup for /etc/init.d/postgresql ... - /etc/rc0.d/K20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc1.d/K20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc6.d/K20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc2.d/S20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc3.d/S20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc4.d/S20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql - /etc/rc5.d/S20postgresql -> ../init.d/postgresql -[root ~]#/etc/init.d/postgresql start-Starting PostgreSQL: ok -[root ~]#
FreeBSD:
[root ~]#cp /tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh-[root ~]#chown root:wheel /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh-[root ~]#chmod 755 /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh-[root ~]# -cp /tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh -chown root:wheel /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh -chmod 755 /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh
Test the script
[root ~]# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh stop
-Stopping PostgreSQL: ok
-[root ~]# If PostgreSQL successfully stopped, then turn it back on because we'll use - it later.
[root root]# /usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh start
-Starting PostgreSQL: ok
-[root root]#
-/usr/local/etc/rc.d/postgresql.sh startSuSE:
-
- I have received reports that SuSE 8.0 is different from
- previous versions. Instead of installing the boot scripts in
- /etc/rc.d/init.d/, they should
- be placed in /etc/init.d/. If
- you're using SuSE 8.0, delete the
- rc.d/ part in each of the
- following commands.
-
-
[root ~]#cp /var/tmp/openacs-5.7.0/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/postgresql.txt /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql-[root ~]#chown root.root /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql-[root ~]#chmod 755 /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql
- - Test the script. - -
[root ~]# /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql stop
-Stopping PostgreSQL: ok- - If PostgreSQL successfully stopped, then use the following - command to make sure that the script is run appropriately at boot - and shutdown. - -
[root ~]#cd /etc/rc.d/init.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql K20postgresql-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#ln -s /etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql S20postgresql-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp K20postgresql rc2.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp S20postgresql rc2.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp K20postgresql rc3.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp S20postgresql rc3.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp K20postgresql rc4.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp S20postgresql rc4.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp K20postgresql rc5.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#cp S20postgresql rc5.d-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#rm K20postgresql-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#rm S20postgresql-root:/etc/rc.d/init.d#
- - Test configuration. - -
root:/etc/rc.d/init.d #cd-root:~ #/etc/rc.d/init.d/rc2.d/S20postgresql start-Starting PostgreSQL: ok -root:~ #
Mac OS X 10.3:
Install the startup script:
cd /System/Library/StartupItems/-tar xfz /var/lib/aolserver/$OPENACS_SERVICE_NAME/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/osx-postgres-startup-item.tgz-
Mac OS X 10.4 can use Launchd:
Install the startup script:
cd /Library/LaunchDaemons-cp -/var/lib/aolserver/$OPENACS_SERVICE_NAME/packages/acs-core-docs/www/files/osx-postgres-launchd-item.txt -org.postgresql.PostgreSQL.plist-
If postgres does not start automatically on reboot, see what - error you get when manually starting it with:
-$sudo launchctl load /Library/LaunchDaemons/org.postgresql.PostgreSQL.plist-$sudo launchctl start org.postgresql.PostgreSQL
- - From now on, PostgreSQL should start automatically each time you boot - up and it should shutdown gracefully each time you shut down. (Note: - Debian defaults to starting all services on runlevels 2-5. Red Hat - defaults to starting services on 3-5. So, on Red Hat, PostgreSQL won't - start on runlevel 2 unless you alter the above commands a - little. This usually isn't a problem as Red Hat defaults to runlevel 3) - -
Tune postgres. (OPTIONAL). The default values for PostgreSQL are very conservative; we can safely change some of them and improve performance.
Change the kernel parameter for maximum shared memory - segment size to 128Mb:
[root root]# echo 134217728 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
-[root root]#Make that change permanent by editing
- /etc/sysctl.conf to
- add these lines at the end:
# increase shared memory limit for postgres -kernel.shmmax = 134217728
Edit the PostgreSQL config file, /usr/local/pgsql/data/postgresql.conf, to use more memory. These values should improve performance in most cases. (more information)
# Shared Memory Size -# -shared_buffers = 15200 # 2*max_connections, min 16 - -# Non-shared Memory Sizes -# -sort_mem = 32168 # min 32 - - -# Write-ahead log (WAL) -# -checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments (16MB each), min 1 -
Restart postgres (service postgresql
- restart) or
- (/etc/init.d/postgres
- restart) so that the changes take effect.
FreeBSD users: See man syctl, man 5 sysctl
- and man 5 loader.conf.
Performance tuning resources:
- Managing Kernel Resources - about PostgreSQL shared memory and semaphores with specific operating system notes. -
- Managing Kernel Resources (development version) - This information may be experimental. -
- - Official PostgreSQL - Docs - -
- - - Migrating - from 7.0 to 7.1 - -
- - techdocs.postgresql.org - -
- - PostgreSQL +